Friday, 31 July 2020
.NET Core doesn't work on a Pi Zero
.NET Core doesn't work on a Pi Zero. The Pi Zero is armv6 whereas .NET core supports amrv7. The Pi Zero uses the Thumb instruction set (16 bits rather than the normal ARM 32 bit) which the Core CLR JIT compiler does not support.
Command alias in Ubuntu
f you haven’t previously installed xclip simply run the following command in your terminal window:
Edit your BASH settings file using your favourite text editor. I’ll be using nano, but feel free to use Gedit or Vim etc.
Then create an alias for pbcopy and pbpaste:
Close and save the file then just refresh your bash to import your new settings
Monday, 20 July 2020
Saturday, 4 July 2020
docker i/o timeout on raspberry pi
I was getting an i/o timeout when pulling images on a raspberry pi.
To resolve it I had to change the nameservers on the pi to 8.8.8.8.
This involved setting the primary nameserver on the router and editing /etc/resolv.conf
To resolve it I had to change the nameservers on the pi to 8.8.8.8.
This involved setting the primary nameserver on the router and editing /etc/resolv.conf
Friday, 3 July 2020
Partitions
Raspbian on a SanDisk 16GB
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/mmcblk0p1 8192 532479 524288 256M c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/mmcblk0p2 532480 31116287 30583808 14.6G 83 Linux
Disk /dev/mmcblk0 - 15 GB / 14 GiB
CHS 486192 4 16 - sector size=512
Current partition structure:
Partition Start End Size in sectors
Warning: number of heads/cylinder mismatches 64 (FAT) != 4 (HD)
Warning: number of sectors per track mismatches 32 (FAT) != 16 (HD)
1 P FAT32 LBA 128 0 1 8319 3 16 524288 [boot]
Warning: Bad ending sector (CHS and LBA don't match)
2 P Linux 8320 0 1 486191 3 16 30583808 [rootfs]
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/mmcblk0p1 8192 532479 524288 256M c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/mmcblk0p2 532480 31116287 30583808 14.6G 83 Linux
Disk /dev/mmcblk0 - 15 GB / 14 GiB
CHS 486192 4 16 - sector size=512
Current partition structure:
Partition Start End Size in sectors
Warning: number of heads/cylinder mismatches 64 (FAT) != 4 (HD)
Warning: number of sectors per track mismatches 32 (FAT) != 16 (HD)
1 P FAT32 LBA 128 0 1 8319 3 16 524288 [boot]
Warning: Bad ending sector (CHS and LBA don't match)
2 P Linux 8320 0 1 486191 3 16 30583808 [rootfs]
Thursday, 2 July 2020
File and disk recovery
TestDisk and PhotoRec are open source file/disk recovery programs. They are install as part of the same suite and must be compiled before use.
Git source
Git source
Sunday, 24 May 2020
Creating a multiboot USB CD
Work on an Ubuntu machine.
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Multiboot_USB_drive#Hybrid_UEFI_GPT_.2B_BIOS_GPT.2FMBR_boot
https://www.funtoo.org/Partitioning_using_gdisk
Insert the USB into an Ubuntu computer. Make sure all partitions have been deleted.
Make sure it has GPT tables installed.
Use gdisk
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 1
First sector (34-60088286, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-60088286, default = 60088286) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +1M
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): l
0700 Microsoft basic data 0c01 Microsoft reserved 2700 Windows RE
3000 ONIE boot 3001 ONIE config 3900 Plan 9
4100 PowerPC PReP boot 4200 Windows LDM data 4201 Windows LDM metadata
4202 Windows Storage Spac 7501 IBM GPFS 7f00 ChromeOS kernel
7f01 ChromeOS root 7f02 ChromeOS reserved 8200 Linux swap
8300 Linux filesystem 8301 Linux reserved 8302 Linux /home
8303 Linux x86 root (/) 8304 Linux x86-64 root (/ 8305 Linux ARM64 root (/)
8306 Linux /srv 8307 Linux ARM32 root (/) 8400 Intel Rapid Start
8e00 Linux LVM a000 Android bootloader a001 Android bootloader 2
a002 Android boot a003 Android recovery a004 Android misc
a005 Android metadata a006 Android system a007 Android cache
a008 Android data a009 Android persistent a00a Android factory
a00b Android fastboot/ter a00c Android OEM a500 FreeBSD disklabel
a501 FreeBSD boot a502 FreeBSD swap a503 FreeBSD UFS
a504 FreeBSD ZFS a505 FreeBSD Vinum/RAID a580 Midnight BSD data
a581 Midnight BSD boot a582 Midnight BSD swap a583 Midnight BSD UFS
a584 Midnight BSD ZFS a585 Midnight BSD Vinum a600 OpenBSD disklabel
a800 Apple UFS a901 NetBSD swap a902 NetBSD FFS
a903 NetBSD LFS a904 NetBSD concatenated a905 NetBSD encrypted
a906 NetBSD RAID ab00 Recovery HD af00 Apple HFS/HFS+
af01 Apple RAID af02 Apple RAID offline af03 Apple label
Press the <Enter> key to see more codes:
af04 AppleTV recovery af05 Apple Core Storage af06 Apple SoftRAID Statu
af07 Apple SoftRAID Scrat af08 Apple SoftRAID Volum af09 Apple SoftRAID Cache
b300 QNX6 Power-Safe bc00 Acronis Secure Zone be00 Solaris boot
bf00 Solaris root bf01 Solaris /usr & Mac Z bf02 Solaris swap
bf03 Solaris backup bf04 Solaris /var bf05 Solaris /home
bf06 Solaris alternate se bf07 Solaris Reserved 1 bf08 Solaris Reserved 2
bf09 Solaris Reserved 3 bf0a Solaris Reserved 4 bf0b Solaris Reserved 5
c001 HP-UX data c002 HP-UX service e100 ONIE boot
e101 ONIE config ea00 Freedesktop $BOOT eb00 Haiku BFS
ed00 Sony system partitio ed01 Lenovo system partit ef00 EFI System
ef01 MBR partition scheme ef02 BIOS boot partition f800 Ceph OSD
f801 Ceph dm-crypt OSD f802 Ceph journal f803 Ceph dm-crypt journa
f804 Ceph disk in creatio f805 Ceph dm-crypt disk i fb00 VMWare VMFS
fb01 VMWare reserved fc00 VMWare kcore crash p fd00 Linux RAID
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): ef02
Changed type of partition to 'BIOS boot partition'
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (2-128, default 2): 2
First sector (34-60088286, default = 4096) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (4096-60088286, default = 60088286) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +50M
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): ef00
Changed type of partition to 'EFI System'
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (3-128, default 3): 3
First sector (34-60088286, default = 106496) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (106496-60088286, default = 60088286) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdc.
Format the partitions :
# mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sdX2
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX3
You can now install GRUB to support both EFI + GPT and BIOS + GPT/MBR. The GRUB configuration (--boot-directory) can be kept in the same place.
First, you need to mount the EFI system partition and the data partition of your USB drive.
An example of this would be as follows:
# mount /dev/sdX3 /mnt
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/EFI
# mount /dev/sdX2 /mnt/boot/EFI
Then, you can install GRUB for UEFI with:
In most cases EFI_MOUNTPOINT will correspond to the /mnt/boot/EFI subdirectory on your mounted USB disk.
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --recheck --removable --efi-directory=/EFI_MOUNTPOINT --boot-directory=/DATA_MOUNTPOINT/boot
And for BIOS with:
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --boot-directory=/DATA_MOUNTPOINT/boot /dev/sdX
As an additional fallback, you can also install GRUB on your MBR-bootable data partition:
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --boot-directory=/DATA_MOUNTPOINT/boot /dev/sdX3
If you get:
grub-install: error: /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-efi/modinfo.sh doesn't exist. Please specify --target or --directory.
It may be necessary to install EFI support for grub:
apt-get install grub-efi
Testing is very quick and simple using the qemu virtual machine:
qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -rtc base=localtime -m 2G -vga std -drive file=/dev/sdb,readonly,cache=none,format=raw,if=virtio
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Multiboot_USB_drive#Hybrid_UEFI_GPT_.2B_BIOS_GPT.2FMBR_boot
https://www.funtoo.org/Partitioning_using_gdisk
Insert the USB into an Ubuntu computer. Make sure all partitions have been deleted.
Make sure it has GPT tables installed.
Use gdisk
This configuration is useful for creating a universal USB key, bootable everywhere. First of all you must create a GPT partition table on your device. You need at least 3 partitions:
- A BIOS boot partition (gdisk type code
EF02). This partition must be 1 MiB in size - An EFI System partition (gdisk type code
EF00with a FAT32 filesystem). This partition can be as small as 50 MiB. - Your data partition (use a filesystem supported by GRUB). This partition can take up the rest of the space of your drive.
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 1
First sector (34-60088286, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-60088286, default = 60088286) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +1M
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): l
0700 Microsoft basic data 0c01 Microsoft reserved 2700 Windows RE
3000 ONIE boot 3001 ONIE config 3900 Plan 9
4100 PowerPC PReP boot 4200 Windows LDM data 4201 Windows LDM metadata
4202 Windows Storage Spac 7501 IBM GPFS 7f00 ChromeOS kernel
7f01 ChromeOS root 7f02 ChromeOS reserved 8200 Linux swap
8300 Linux filesystem 8301 Linux reserved 8302 Linux /home
8303 Linux x86 root (/) 8304 Linux x86-64 root (/ 8305 Linux ARM64 root (/)
8306 Linux /srv 8307 Linux ARM32 root (/) 8400 Intel Rapid Start
8e00 Linux LVM a000 Android bootloader a001 Android bootloader 2
a002 Android boot a003 Android recovery a004 Android misc
a005 Android metadata a006 Android system a007 Android cache
a008 Android data a009 Android persistent a00a Android factory
a00b Android fastboot/ter a00c Android OEM a500 FreeBSD disklabel
a501 FreeBSD boot a502 FreeBSD swap a503 FreeBSD UFS
a504 FreeBSD ZFS a505 FreeBSD Vinum/RAID a580 Midnight BSD data
a581 Midnight BSD boot a582 Midnight BSD swap a583 Midnight BSD UFS
a584 Midnight BSD ZFS a585 Midnight BSD Vinum a600 OpenBSD disklabel
a800 Apple UFS a901 NetBSD swap a902 NetBSD FFS
a903 NetBSD LFS a904 NetBSD concatenated a905 NetBSD encrypted
a906 NetBSD RAID ab00 Recovery HD af00 Apple HFS/HFS+
af01 Apple RAID af02 Apple RAID offline af03 Apple label
Press the <Enter> key to see more codes:
af04 AppleTV recovery af05 Apple Core Storage af06 Apple SoftRAID Statu
af07 Apple SoftRAID Scrat af08 Apple SoftRAID Volum af09 Apple SoftRAID Cache
b300 QNX6 Power-Safe bc00 Acronis Secure Zone be00 Solaris boot
bf00 Solaris root bf01 Solaris /usr & Mac Z bf02 Solaris swap
bf03 Solaris backup bf04 Solaris /var bf05 Solaris /home
bf06 Solaris alternate se bf07 Solaris Reserved 1 bf08 Solaris Reserved 2
bf09 Solaris Reserved 3 bf0a Solaris Reserved 4 bf0b Solaris Reserved 5
c001 HP-UX data c002 HP-UX service e100 ONIE boot
e101 ONIE config ea00 Freedesktop $BOOT eb00 Haiku BFS
ed00 Sony system partitio ed01 Lenovo system partit ef00 EFI System
ef01 MBR partition scheme ef02 BIOS boot partition f800 Ceph OSD
f801 Ceph dm-crypt OSD f802 Ceph journal f803 Ceph dm-crypt journa
f804 Ceph disk in creatio f805 Ceph dm-crypt disk i fb00 VMWare VMFS
fb01 VMWare reserved fc00 VMWare kcore crash p fd00 Linux RAID
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): ef02
Changed type of partition to 'BIOS boot partition'
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (2-128, default 2): 2
First sector (34-60088286, default = 4096) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (4096-60088286, default = 60088286) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +50M
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): ef00
Changed type of partition to 'EFI System'
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (3-128, default 3): 3
First sector (34-60088286, default = 106496) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (106496-60088286, default = 60088286) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdc.
Format the partitions :
# mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sdX2
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX3
You can now install GRUB to support both EFI + GPT and BIOS + GPT/MBR. The GRUB configuration (--boot-directory) can be kept in the same place.
First, you need to mount the EFI system partition and the data partition of your USB drive.
An example of this would be as follows:
# mount /dev/sdX3 /mnt
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/EFI
# mount /dev/sdX2 /mnt/boot/EFI
Then, you can install GRUB for UEFI with:
In most cases EFI_MOUNTPOINT will correspond to the /mnt/boot/EFI subdirectory on your mounted USB disk.
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --recheck --removable --efi-directory=/EFI_MOUNTPOINT --boot-directory=/DATA_MOUNTPOINT/boot
And for BIOS with:
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --boot-directory=/DATA_MOUNTPOINT/boot /dev/sdX
As an additional fallback, you can also install GRUB on your MBR-bootable data partition:
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --boot-directory=/DATA_MOUNTPOINT/boot /dev/sdX3
If you get:
grub-install: error: /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-efi/modinfo.sh doesn't exist. Please specify --target or --directory.
It may be necessary to install EFI support for grub:
apt-get install grub-efi
Testing is very quick and simple using the qemu virtual machine:
qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -rtc base=localtime -m 2G -vga std -drive file=/dev/sdb,readonly,cache=none,format=raw,if=virtio
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