Gnome and KDE are desktop environments. Ubuntu defaults to Gnome, but you can switch it to KDE.
Gnome was built using GTK. GTK is written in C and had American roots.
KDE was built using Qt, which is written in C++ and had European roots.
GTK & Qt are application frameworks & widget libraries. Both are built on top of Xlib in Linux.
xlib, the X Library, is the lowest-level API of the X Window program. If compared with Windows, Xlib is the same as the Windows APIs (or Windows SDK). It is the programming interface that is closest to X Server. It only provides the most Basic drawing and handling of message events.
When writing apps, you could also use Electron, which is based upon Javascript and NodeJS.
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